The Employee Total Compensation Program - 1162 Words

Products or Services to Enhance Total Compensation for Employees The employee total compensation program in Aflac is competitive with the industry market for the employees (Reed, 2009, p. 3). First, the company has a program referred to as a â€Å"Total rewards program† for the employees of this organization (p. 3). Next, the focus of the Aflac organization derives from the importance of employees through communication (p. 3). To illustrate, the company’s benefits include compensation, such as life insurance paid for by Aflac, policy for cancer paid for by Aflac, insurance for protecting accidents at a low premium for employees, and programs that provides bonuses based on profit-sharing (pp. 4,6). In addition, the organization provides a†¦show more content†¦3). The external strength of the organization is the principles to that guide the organization to improve stockholder value and quality of services (p. 3). The external weakness includes lower than av erage of unemployment rate of 3.3 percent that creates challenges to retain competitive employees to meet the shareholder expectations (p. 3). The challenges of an organization can influence the performance of an organization from a satisfaction with pay (Gomez-Mejia, Balkin, Cardy, 2016, p. 296). The employee salary within an organization is a huge cause for turnover of employees (p. 296). First, the topic of employee salary is of great importance for the current and potential workforce (Lee Lin, 2014, p. 1577). In addition, employees that have the perception on receiving lower compensation that others within their market will lack in performance and have a desire to leave the organization (p. 1577). In retrospect, the regular evaluation of compensation within the organization is vital to the reduction of employee turnover (p. 1577). Traditional and Non-Traditional Rewards The use of traditional reward within the organization rewards that is apparent within Aflac. The use of the traditional reward systems is the compensation, profit sharing, and insurance profited to employees (Reed, 2009, pp. 3-5). The non-traditional rewards in the Aflac organization are the child care facility, employee recognition, outdoor adventure days, fitnessShow MoreRelatedThe Employee Total Compensation Program1163 Words   |  5 Pages The employee total compensation program in Aflac is competitive with the industry market for the employees (Reed, 2009, p. 3). First, the company has a program referred to as a â€Å"Total rewards program† for the employees of this organization (p. 3). Next, the focus of the Aflac organization derives from the importance on employees through communication (p. 3). To illustrate, the company’s benefits include compensation such as life insurance paid for by Aflac, policy for cancer paid for by AflacRead MoreAn Effective Total Rewards Program For Increase Profitability1723 Words   |  7 PagesOrganizations that use a salesforce to help promote its business for increase profitability are challenged to develop a compensation plan that aligns the company’s overall goals. A sales compensation plan is more than a tactical focus, but it is a strategic focus for an organization to that enables the company to remain competitive in the business industry (Thoreson, 2014 ). State Farm was founded in 1922 by G.J. Merchele, as an auto insurance company. Today, it is one of the leading providers ofRead MoreNew And Improved Rewards At Work. Creating And Implementing1534 Words   |  7 PagesCreating and implementing new and improved rewards systems at work has been a tool of success for many organizations. Corporations use these rewards to boost employee morale and to allow their employees â€Å"me time†. Throughout the course of this paper, I will determine how innovations in employee benefits can improve the overall competitive compensation strategy of the organization. Next, I will explain how innovative benefits could be tied to specific jobs. Thirdly, I will critique the effectiveness ofRead MoreEmployee Benefit Plan Development : Employee Benefits Essay1508 Words   |  7 PagesEmployee Benefit Plan Development â€Å"Understanding your employee’s perspective can go a long way towards increasing productivity and happiness† – Kathryn Minshew, founder of The Muse. In today’s highly competitive and robust job market, benefit programs have become an integral aspect of an employer’s total compensation package. In fact, an employer’s total benefit package plays just an important role in attracting and retaining talent for organizations as monetary compensation, according to a recentRead MoreEmployee Compensation Programs Essay1416 Words   |  6 PagesBenefits have most definitely changed throughout the past years. According to Compensation, during 1880 people worked approximately 14 hours every single day except on Sundays and would only receive a raise if they stayed with the company for five years and if the company prospered during that time (Gerhart, 2011, p. 414). Over the next couple of years, employees began seeing work hours change from 60-64 hours per week to 54 hours by the year 1930. Eventually, employees were able to have holidaysRead MoreA Critique Metric Measurements Tools1495 Words   |  6 Pagesreviewing the analysis. Senior management focuses on the numbers for total compensation, which directly impacts the bottom line. Conversely, the employee may review total compensation in light of fairness, equity, and in comparative with industry offerings. Another scope from which to review the analysis of metrics is from the human resources professionals’ point of view, which is the engagement of staff and job satisfaction. Total Cost of Workforce For most organizations, the primary goal is to maximizeRead MoreThe Associate Director-Customer Service Position Essay1292 Words   |  6 PagesThe Associate Director-Customer Service position is responsible for the leadership of a work group and development of broad programs or projects in support of organizational or area strategies. Manage, communicates translates functional/operational goals into team goals through professionals and supervisors the activities of a department. The Associate Director shall manage implementation of policies procedures as well as maintaining results for costs, methods employees. 1. Responsible forRead MoreEssay On Total Rewards1380 Words   |  6 Pagesof all employees within the company. According to Rose Stanley, a total rewards practice leader, WorldatWork, the non-profit human resources association, says companies must try to tailor those offerings in a way that addresses the needs of their workforce but at the same time keeps costs in line. Employers who can afford to offer benefits are generally benefiting from a wider pool of candidates. Providing a tailored compensation package tied closely to specific job that can be customized enoughRead MoreSales Force Compensation Essay832 Words   |  4 PagesSales Force Compensation Adam Goode Dr. Ed Sherbert HRM533: Total Rewards November 4, 2012 Sales Force Compensation In order for a company to acquire the highest number of clients, that company must be able to fully motivate their employees. One of the primary factors to motivate the sales force is compensation. Employees that are in the sales force do want to get commissions for the sales that are made, butRead MoreEssay Total Rewards1510 Words   |  7 PagesIMPROVED REWARDS AT WORK 1 Running head: New and Improved Rewards at Work New and Improved Rewards at Works HRM 533 Total Rewards Dr. Mary Ann Wangemann Strayer University

Gender Roles The And Care Givers Of The Family Essay

From an early age, most people, rather male or female are taught which roles they play in life. Men are commonly known, to be the provider and safety net for a family. While commonly, women are known to be the nurtures and care givers of the family. Each of these pre-conceived notions are defined to be labeled as gender roles. A position played by a person of a certain gender, based off of past history, family orientation, environment and many other things. Female qualities are methods that our way of life, for the most part, takes up with being a young lady or women. Manly attributes are methods that our way of life, as a rule, partners with being a man. Gender Roles Gender roles can be described as the characteristics and attitudes projected of a male and female follower of a culture by that culture. Dissimilar to sexuality, be that as it may, gender roles are forced, through an assortment of social impacts. Shaped amid the socialization periods of youth and adolescence, sex part i ssues impact individuals for the duration of their lives; struggle can emerge when somebody doesn t feel at ease with his or her sexual orientation part. In the course of recent decades, Americans have made incredible walks in tolerating and adjusting to new meanings of sexual orientation. Part of the cause is the expanded number of women in the work environment. In society today, the roles of individuals in certain genders are pronounced. Many magnitudes of society are affected by thisShow MoreRelatedThe Work Environments of Care Givers1243 Words   |  5 Pagesworking environments of personnel that provide care to the old, physically and mentally changed persons and children. These care givers work under two main categories of work: from homes that require extra care to family members and care centers such as the institutions for the aged or even hospitals. Such working environments develop relationships to the care receivers. The notion is factorized by several factors and the place of specialty, as well as the care being offered (Rosenthal, 1994). ComparisonRead MoreThe Family Of The Jcpenney Advertisement A Happy Family978 Words   |  4 Pagesadvertisement a happy family of four sits on a clean living room floor embracing one another with hugs and smiles. There is fashionable furniture and decorations in the room, all of them in gender neutral colors. The family is well-dressed in soft blues and white. Every face in the ad is adorned with a tremendous smile. There is a caption in the upper-left corner that describes dad as cool and a best friend, bike fixer, swim coach, tent builder, and hug giver and rolled into one. Or two. The family is made upRead MoreThe Problem of Gender Discrimination1097 Words   |  4 Pages GENDER ISSUES Gender discrimination is a problem which has been shed light on since a very long time but is still prevalent globally. Gender discrimination is described as the unfavorable treatment of individuals on the basis of their gender, which in turn denies them rights in a society along with other opportunities and resources (Reeves Baden, 2000). The ratio of gender discrimination remains higher in developing countries as compared to developed economies. Gender discrimination existsRead MoreHelping Caregivers Overcome The Mental And Physical Stress Of Caring For Hospice Patients Essay1538 Words   |  7 Pages Roberto Acosta New Mexico State University October 28, 2016 Helping caregivers overcome the mental physical stress of caring for hospice patients Caregivers play an integral role in improving the quality of life for hospice patients. Most of the individuals involved in caring for the terminally ill are family members. However, caring for terminally ill patients can adversely affect the caregiver’s overall health. Gallese, Keysers and Rozzolatti (2004) emphasize that caregivers suffer fromRead MoreGender Theory Essay1518 Words   |  7 Pages Abstract Gender Theory The textbook identifies four approaches to gender development: biological, interpersonal, cultural, and critical. Define each theory. Then answer the following question: which of the theoretical approaches to gender do you find the most valid? Be sure to include at least two examples from your own experience as well as two scholarly sources to back up your claim. Gender plays a signifigant roles in our every day lives. Gender determines whetherRead MoreGender, Social And Cultural Norms847 Words   |  4 Pages Gender Messages Destinee Lockhart Grantham University The instant a human being is born, he or she is prepped to adhere and fulfill a certain gender role that concurs with the social perception within a particular culture. Therefore, a person is placed into one of the two categories, masculine or feminine, according to his or her sex that predetermines which behaviors and attitudes he or she is to acquire and; more importantly, to display. Consequently, taught gender roles are directlyRead MoreThe Role Of Socialization And Gender Roles852 Words   |  4 PagesINTRODUCTIOn tell me what you are focussing on†¦..family and theirgender roles Socialisation is the process by which a child learns to respect his or her environmental laws such as norms, values and customs. Socialisation helps the infant gradually become self-aware and a knowledgeable person, skilled in the ways of the culture into which he or she is born. Children within the primary socialisation of the family learn a great deal from parents and other care givers such as grandparents, grandmothers, child-mindersRead MoreAustim Spectrum Disorder1637 Words   |  7 Pages(Hedov, Anneren Wikblad, 2000; Emerson, 2003). While acknowledging the changing gender roles, Gray and Holden ( as cited by Leonard, Seltzer, Shattuck, Krauss, Orsmond Murphy, 2004) noted that women still tend to have primary responsibility for child care and are, therefore, most subject to the challenges associated with their child’s disability. This raises the question of; what psychological impact care-giving has on mothers of young children with ASD? LITERATURE REVIEW The fifth editionRead MoreBatya Rogoff. Heart Disease, Stroke, And Death Are Just996 Words   |  4 Pagesinfancy and toddler years is extremely important because the child observes the eating behaviors of their care giver or parent. Some benefits of giving your child healthy food at a you g age are, nutrients, vitamins, and energy.Adults and parents play an important role in children eating healthy because they choose the food choices for their families or themselves. Schools also play an important role in eating healthy food because they use certain strategies like having a salad bar and making their ownRead MoreInternal Struggles Of The Bread Giver995 Words   |  4 PagesInternal Struggles of the Bread Giver The Bread Giver is about an internal struggle that went on within a recently immigrated Jewish family. Not only were they coping with the changes of coming to America, but gender roles within the larger community were also shifting. The turn of the century was ripe to explore areas of tradition that many racial groups considered revered, and traditionally held beliefs would be called into question when likened to issues of practicality and basic survival needs

Strategic Sourcing Evaluation Methodology †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Strategic Sourcing Evaluation Methodology. Answer: Introduction: Sapphire Energy is a popular brand of Laburnum Group. However, Laburnum Group is a well-known organization of Australia, which has both energy and clothing business. This organization has got the position among the largest organizations in Australia. The major objective of Laburnum Group is to provide a satisfactory return to their customers. Supply chain management issue becomes a big issue among the energy manufacturing industries at present time (Christopher, 2016). In the recent years, this business group has been facing supply chain management issues regarding their clothing and energy area. Thus, it is necessary for this organization to identify the areas of problem where necessary improvement can be implemented. Sapphire Energy provides reliable electric service to their consumers across Bendigo, Sunbury, Wodogona, Geelong, Melton, Miduara and many other places. The major material used in this service is 1/0 AWG aluminum triplex cable. This cable is responsible to distribute t he energy from distribution pole to the meter loop. Electricity distribution is the major business activity of this organization. However, Eastern Power storeroom is the main stakeholder of Sapphire Energy and has made a contract with them. In the given scenario, it has been observed that Sapphire Energy focuses on high-quality service to satisfy their stakeholders. In the recent years, Eastern Power needs 155,000 meters of this cable service from Sapphire Energy. This cable is required to carry out the routine service work. Hence, an agreement is made between Eastern Power and Sapphire Energy. According to this order agreement, Eastern Power should use one-twelfth of its total annual demand. As per this new ordering system, the cable service needs to install within five normal working days. The main aim of this ordering system is to reduce the lead time besides ensuring their customers to get a regular spot in the production schedule of the concerned suppliers. The carrying cost of the materials of current ordering system is $1.35 pe r meter, which is quite high. Current ordering system of Sapphire focuses on the reduction of lead time, however; this aim is fulfilled otherwise the lead time could be 12 weeks instead of 5 days. As argued by Mamani Moinzadeh, (2014), lead time reduction is necessary for the suppliers to enhance their supply chain management otherwise they may face an issue. Sapphire Energy needs at least 4500 meters for a single order and the capacity of Eastern Power Storeroom is 90,000 meters. This will be effective for this ordering system as Sapphire Energy will get more order from this shareholder. Based on the EOQ or Economic Order Quantity the total cost of this current ordering system can be defined. Economic Order Quantity system refers to the number of units that an organization adds to its inventory in order to minimize the total cost of inventory management (Chen et al., 2014). Inventory cost includes shortage cost, holding cost and order cost. Application of EOQ is useful to review the inventory system. In the context of Eastern Power, they require 155,000 meters of service cable and the carrying cost is $1.35 per unit. As per the EOQ calculation. From the above calculation, it has been received that value of EOQ is low and the carrying cost is high. Due to low carrying cost, the demand becomes decreased. Hence, it can be said that the carrying cost is high, which may affect the business of Sapphire. From the given scenario and the above calculation, it has been identified that due to high carrying cost it will be difficult for Eastern Power to take cable service from Sapphire Energy. On the other hand, based on the contract system Eastern Power has to take at least one-twelfth of its annual need from Sapphire Energy. Hence, due to the high carrying cost Eastern Power faced difficulties to take service form its supplier. High carrying cost often hampers the demand of customers (Stadtler, 2015). As per this scenario, it has been received that the current ordering system based on the contract between Sapphire Energy and Eastern Power is effective to minimize the lead time. On the other hand, this ordering process is not cost eff ective as it enhances the carrying cost, which is the main issue of supply chain management in the context of Sapphire Energy. For the effective management of a supply chain, lead time should be reduced (Nguyen Wright, 2015). Hence, Sapphire Energy is able to reduce the time between the initiation and the completion of their cable service project. This is a major benefit of their current ordering process. Despite this effectiveness, Sapphire Energy did not offer any quantity discount, which is a major drawback of their supply chain management. Based on the above analysis it has been found that high carrying cost, low demand and lack of discount are the major drawbacks of the supply chain process of Sapphire Energy. Ways to improve the Current System of Sapphire Energy From the above analysis, it has been received that current ordering system of Sapphire Energy is good to decrease the lead time however, the carrying cost is high. Eastern Power has a high demand for cable service from Sapphire Energy. Due to the high carrying cost may affect this demand. High cost of suppliers often decreases the customer numbers (Tyagi et al., 2015). In the context of Sapphire Energy, they need to reduce their carrying cost per unit to enhance the demand of customers. However, it will be helpful for Sapphire Energy to provide service with low carrying cost and reduced lead time. This process will be effective to enhance the demand for Sapphire Energy. Customers always prefer high-quality service with low cost (Cooper, 2017). Sapphire Energy needs to change their pricing strategy for carrying the cost. By using low carrying cost this organization will be able to increase the demand. On the other hand, offering quantity discount will be an effective strategy for Sapp hire Energy to enhance the demand. Discount pricing and high-quality service with reduced lead time will be beneficial to improve the current ordering system in the context of Sapphire. Therefore, this process will help this organization to cover a large number of stakeholders across Australia. Auscotton is a global manufacturer of clothing products and it offers both winter and summer sports apparel. In the recent years, Auscotton has started contract manufacturing with Taiwan, India, China, and Vietnam. At present Auscotton has been facing issues due to a high level of competition in a global market. Many competitors provide similar products such as winter and summer products to customers, which affects the unique business feature of Auscotton. Some new competitors offer similar products as like as Auscotton with an attractive profit margin. Therefore, Auscotton has an inaccuracy in demand forecast. This hampers their business as well as strategic sourcing in the global market. Poor competitive strategy and forecasting affect the growth of an organization in the global market (Kim Chai, 2017). Due to these major issues, Auscotton faced a high cost of transportation, inconsistency and unexpected variation in their supply chain management. From the given scenario, it has b een found that the strategic sourcing of Auscotton or contract manufacturing process with foreign countries was not effective as a result they have faced a huge competition in the global market. Threat of substitutes occurs in the context of Auscotton, which hampered their business. According to the given scenario, it has been found that the demand forecast is not strong in the context of Auscotton. However, inaccuracy of demand forecast in Auscotton leads them to face threat of alternative product, high cost of transportation and reduced lead times. Less-than product demand forecast leaves a negative effect on Auscotton business. Proper forecasting is required for a business to understand the current market position based on which an organization is able to measure their future profit margin (Kotabe Murray, 2018). In the context of Auscotton their demand forecast was failed to measure the current demand of global market as well as the entire operating cost. As a result, they failed to identify the severity of the competitors in the global clothing industry. Hence, many competitors enter in market easily and hamper the unique product feature of Auscotton by offering a similar product. On the other hand, due to poor forecast Auscotton failed to select the lead t ime as selection of lead time is based on the type and materials of the product. Proper forecasting helps an organization understand the urgency of the shipment based on the demand. Hence, inappropriate demand forecast Auscotton failed to measure the urgency of shipment and failed to deliver the product within promised date. As a result, they need to pay more to transport the product during the emergency. Less-than-perfect demand forecast also brings unnecessary variations in the existing supply chain management. In order to reduce the poor forecast Auscotton needs to carry out a proper demand forecast within the scheduled time. Therefore, they need to carry out a proper market analysis to understand the strength of the competitors. On the other hand, to reduce the high transportation cost this organization needs to complete the shipment within the promised time (Kim Chai, 2017). Therefore, this organization should employ supply-demand forecasting model as it will help them to reduce delay in supply chain operation. Application of granular model will help this organization to identify the purchasing behavior of customers and optimum pricing in global market. Vital Elements of strategic sourcing methodology to bring improvement in the supply chain of Auscotton Supply and market analysis, negotiation, development of product and pricing strategy and identification of proper sourcing process will be the effective elements of sourcing methodology for Auscotton to improve their clothing business. Market analysis and pricing are the major components to bring improvement in a supply chain process (Presley, Meade Sarkis, 2016). However, Auscotton needs to select loyal partners for their sourcing process. Therefore, they can make a contract with their partners, which will help them to reduce legal obligation. Low pricing strategy and discount pricing will be beneficial for this organization to gain competitive advantages. Therefore, negotiation should be implemented to enhance the demand in this organization. Some of the contract manufacturers of Auscotton are involved in illegal merchandise and they sell their product through gray market channels. These contract manufacturers produce similar products, which competes with the branded merchandise of Auscotton. In order to deal with this situation, Auscotton needs to follow the Intellectual Property Laws Amendment Act 2015 (Legislation.gov.au 2018). By following this Act Auscotton will be able to protect their intellectual property from the competitors. Therefore, by following Competition and Consumer Act 2010 Auscotton will be able to take necessary action against the suppliers those are misleading the consumers by using the brand name of Auscotton. References Chen, S. C., Crdenas-Barrn, L. E., Teng, J. T. (2014). Retailers economic order quantity when the supplier offers conditionally permissible delay in payments link to order quantity. International Journal of Production Economics, 155, 284-291. Christopher, M. (2016). Logistics supply chain management. Pearson UK. Cooper, R. (2017). Supply chain development for the lean enterprise: interorganizational cost management. Routledge. Kim, M., Chai, S. (2017). The impact of supplier innovativeness, information sharing and strategic sourcing on improving supply chain agility: Global supply chain perspective. International Journal of Production Economics, 187, 42-52. Kotabe, M., Murray, J. Y. (2018). Global Sourcing Strategy: An Evolution in Global Production and Sourcing Rationalization. In Advances in Global Marketing (pp. 365-384). Springer, Cham. Legislation.gov.au. (2018).Intellectual Property Laws Amendment Act 2015. Retrieved 30 March 2018, from https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2015A00008 Mamani, H., Moinzadeh, K. (2014). Lead time management through expediting in a continuous review inventory system. Production and Operations Management, 23(1), 95-109. Nguyen, T. H., Wright, M. (2015). Capacity and lead-time management when demand for service is seasonal and lead-time sensitive. European Journal of Operational Research, 247(2), 588-595. Presley, A., Meade, L., Sarkis, J. (2016, July). A strategic sourcing evaluation methodology for reshoring decisions. In Supply Chain Forum: An International Journal (Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 156-169). Taylor Francis. Stadtler, H. (2015). Supply chain management: An overview. In Supply chain management and advanced planning (pp. 3-28). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. Tyagi, S., Choudhary, A., Cai, X., Yang, K. (2015). Value stream mapping to reduce the lead-time of a product development process. International Journal of Production Economics, 160, 202-212.

Role of Marathi Press in Freedom Movement of India free essay sample

A Gandhian activist, freedom fighter and a pioneer in the modern Konkani movement, he is a well known Konkani scholar, linguist, and creative thinker. Kelkar was a participant in the Indian freedom movement, Goa’s liberation movement, and later the campaign against the merger of the newly formed Goa with Maharashtra. He played a key role in the founding of the Konkani Bhasha Mandal, which lead the literary campaign for the recognition of Konkani as a full-fledged language, and its reinstatement as the state language of Goa. He authored nearly 100 books in the Konkani language, including Amchi Bhas Konkaneech, Shalent Konkani Kityak, Bahu-bhashik Bharatant Bhashenche Samajshastra and Himalayant, and also edited Jaag magazine for more than two decades. Kelekar died at Apollo Hospital at Margao, Goa at around 11. 30 am on Friday August 27. He was 85. [3][5][not in citation given] His remains were cremated with State honours at his native village of Priol. We will write a custom essay sample on Role of Marathi Press in Freedom Movement of India or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Kelekar received the Padma Bhushan (2008),[6][7] the Gomant Sharada Award of Kala Academy,[7] the Sahitya Akademi Award (1976),[8] and the Sahitya Akademi Fellowship (2007)—the highest award of the Sahitya Akademi, Indias National Academy of Letters. [9] He also received the 2006 Jnanpith Award,[10] the first ever awarded to an author writing in the Konkani language,[1] which was presented in July 2010. [11] Contents 1 Early life and education 2 Career Personal life 4 Bibliography 4. 1 Konkani 4. 2 Konkani translations 4. 3 Marathi 4. 4 Hindi 5 References 6 External links Early life and education Kelekar was born on March 25, 1925, in the city of Cuncolim in South Goa. [1] His father, Dr Rajaram Kelekar, was a physician who later became renowned for his Portuguese translation of the Bhagwad Gita. [7] While still a student at the Lyceum High School in Panaji, Kelekar joined the Goa liberation movement in 1946. This brought him in close contact with several local and national leaders, including Ram Manohar Lohia, under whose influence he was able to recognize the power of language to mobilize the local populace. Later, he saw the potential in his native Konkani language, which became his lifelong work. [7] Career Already deeply influenced by Gandhian philosophy, in 1949 Kelekar left his native Goa for Wardha, to be with noted Gandhian and writer Kakasaheb Kalelkar. Kelekar stayed under Kalelkars tutelage until 1955, when he was appointed librarian of the Gandhi Memorial Museum in New Delhi. This turned out to be short-lived, as only a year later he plunged back into the Goa freedom movement. With a mission to reconnect the Goan diaspora all over the world, he started the weekly, Gomant Bharati (1956–60),[12] published in the Latin script in Bombay. Soon after, being an active participant in Goas struggle for freedom, he was imprisoned by the Portuguese. He was released when the Indian Army invaded and annexed Goa in 1961. He joined the socio-political campaign against the merger of Goa into the neighbouring Maharashtra state, which ended after the plebiscite of 1967, with Goa retaining its separate identity albeit as a union territory. Goa retained this status until 1987, when it was declared a separate state. After Goas independence, Kelekar took to literary activism, in the form of getting his native Konkani language its due status as an independent language, rather than as just a dialect of Marathi. He was compared favorably with pioneers in the Konkani literary movement, such as Shenoi Goembab. During this period, he wrote some of his most important works promoting the Konkani language, including Aamchi Bhas Konkanich (1962), a dialogue revealing the importance of Konkani to the common man on the street; Shallent Konkani Kityaak (1962), highlighting the significance of having Konkani medium schools in Goa; and A Bibliography of Konkani Literature in Devanagari, Roman and Kannada characters (1963). [4][14] In February 1987, the Goa Legislative Assembly had passed the Official Language Bill making Konkani the Official Language of Goa. 15] The struggle ended in 1992, when Konkani was included in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution as an official language. [16] With lifes mission completed, Kelkar retired from public life, focusing mainly of his writing. On February 26, 1975, the Sahitya Akademi, Indias National Academy of Letters, recognized Konkani as an independent language. [citation needed] The first Sahitya Akademi Award for a work in Konkani was won by Kelekar for his travelogue, Himalayant, in 1977. 17][18][19] The Akademis first Translation Award in Konkani also went to Kelekar in 1990 for Ami Taankan Manshant Haadle, a Konkani translation of a collection of essays in Gujarati, Mansaeena Diva, by Jhaverchand Meghani. [20] He received the 2006 Jnanpith Award, which was the first given to a Konkani-language writer. [10] The pinnacle of his career came with the Sahitya Akademi Fellowship for lifetime achievement in 2007. [9] A lifelong proponent of regional languages, in his acceptance speech for the Jnanpith award, he said, People have stopped reading books in regional languages. On the other hand, through English, we have created Bonsai intellectuals, Bonsai writers and Bonsai readers. [21] When the Vishwa Konkani Sahitya Academy, an offshoot of the Konkani Language and Cultural Foundation, was set up in 2006, the first work it took up for translation was Velavaylo Dhulo, a collection of Kelekars essays. [22] His books have been translated into Hindi and other North Indian languages, and are used by universities. [23] Personal life Kelekar married Godubai Sardessai in 1949; their son Guirish was born within a year. Kelekar lived in his ancestral home—built by his father in 1937—called Kelekar House, in the village of Priol in central Goa. The Casa Dos Kelekars, as it is formally known, is now seen as exemplary of a typical Goan Saraswat Brahmin community home. [24] Bibliography This article contains a list of works that does not follow the Manual of Style for lists of works (often, though not always, due to being in reverse-chronological order) and may need cleanup. This section lacks information such as ISBNs for the books listed in it. 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Down the Staircase through the Gates of Scorn Nixons Impeachment

Major historic events are quite hard to evaluate as exactly positive or negative, mainly because there are extremely many people involved, some of them benefitting, some of them taking considerable losses. However, it goes without saying that some of the historic events are incredibly confusing and leaving an entire nation or even the whole world at a loss of words.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Down the Staircase through the Gates of Scorn: Nixon’s Impeachment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Such is the infamous President Nixon’s impeachment, sadly known as the Watergate scandal. Tracking the course of events that led to a turn in Nixon’s presidential career, one can rethink the event and possibly decide whether the Watergate scandal is as scandalous as it is believed to. No matter how weird that can sound, one of the first steps towards Nixon’s impeachment was made by Nixon himsel f, and this step was the president’s foreign policy. Although Richard Nixon did manage to establish cooperation with China and the Soviet Union, the issues with the Latin America and the losses taken in the Vietnam War did have their impact on the United States economy, causing people’s discontent. In addition, the home policy that Nixon used to address the above-mentioned issues was not welcomed with open arms – the Nixon shock was quite an unfortunate experience for the USA. To top it all, the oil embargo of OAPEC made the economical prospects even gloomier and became the straw that broke the camel’s back. However, the economical and financial crises were only the settings for the final act of Nixon’s career as a president. The third step that brought Nixon’s retreat closer was the secret operation carried out in the White House and bearing the name of the White House Plumbers. At first believed to be an attempt at burglary, the break-in i nto the White House turned out a cover-up for setting wire-tapping equipment in the premises, which raised a tremendous scandal and triggered further investigations. Since the people nicknamed as â€Å"plumbers† belonged to Nixon’s administration, the president was supposed to be considered the primary suspect – and he was. However, it was not only the fate to blame for Nixon’s impeachment – the way the president reacted to the fact that the entire nation mistrusted him could hardly be seen as adequate. After his attempts to make Cox, the special prosecutor, to dismiss Attorney General Richardson and William Ruckelshaus, Richardson’s deputy, the notorious Saturday Night Massacre took place, which led to another surge of distrust towards the president.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More At first it might seem that Nixon was to blame for what had hap pened. On a second thought, however, one must remember that there has never been the evidence that could prove completely Nixon’s involvement into the Watergate case. In addition, it is important to remember that the mass media played incredibly important role in the case, shaping the nation’s opinion about the Watergate scandal. Therefore, it can be concluded that the Watergate scandal was quite a painful yet necessary step in the USA political and social development. A stage in the progress of the country, it provided a lesson to learn and a peculiar study on the world of politics and the way it works. Despite the fact that the accusations that Nixon had to face seem quite legit, the evidence used as the main proof of the quote-unquote fraud is still quite questionable and the reasons that Nixon provided for his self-defense seem rather logical. Making people think of responsibility rather than the politics, this is one of those events that people never speak of and yet never forget. This essay on Down the Staircase through the Gates of Scorn: Nixon’s Impeachment was written and submitted by user Ph1ll1p to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Assessing Organizational Culture Essay Example

Assessing Organizational Culture Essay Example Assessing Organizational Culture Paper Assessing Organizational Culture Paper Assessing Organizational Culture When thinking of culture, my mind tends to wander toward far off places only seen on television or on the internet. Culture represents an exotic and sometimes untouchable part of the world that each individual claims depending on their background, ethnicity, race, or family history. When applying culture to the workplace, however, the idea of culture applies, not only to individual persons, but to the way in which we react to one another, perceive one another, and communicate with one another. The culture of an organization is embedded in and expressed by patterns nd habits of communication. (Cheney, Christensen, Zorn, Jr. , Ganesh 2011) This paper will explain what it means to have culture within organizations as well as the presence of climate and socialization. Organizations adopt habits that work well with its requirements as an organization as well as those who have built the culture of the organization. For example, if the long-standing CEO has created a casual and relaxed atmosphere, others within the organization will adopt the same habits in order to fit the model the CEO is building. We deal with the meanings of things within our ultural system. Staying within a culture creates a certain amount of stability and predictability. Culture in the workplace can be explained easily by the differences in our co-workers and how to adapt to these differences. Differences may originate in family background religion, age, education, occupation, wealth, status, lifestyle, interests, etc. (Cheney, Christensen, Zorn, Jr. , Ganesh 2011) I will focus on the culture of age for a moment. Recently, I started a new position with a new organization. This position offered everything I was looking for; better pay, excellent benefits, proper se of my skills, and opportunity for advancement. Shortly after orientation, I began meeting those I would be working with. I noticed very quickly that all of my co- workers are from an older generation and I am the minority. In some cases it is fun to have conversations with them regarding our age differences and for them to Jokingly say, What year were you born? I graduated high school that year, my word you are young! , but this can also mean they do not take me as seriously as a protessional. But one time they become a physician. infirmary nurse. surgical technician. etc. they take on a new life and thereby absorb a new civilization into their lives. Subcultures. as defined by organisational theoreticians John new wave Maanen and Stephen Barley. are a subset of an organization’s members who interact on a regular basis with one another. place themselves as a distinguishable group†¦and routinely take action on the footing of corporate apprehensions unique to the group ( Cheney. 2011. 78-79 ) The organisational civilization in a infirmary is based on the premiss that the infirmary is at that place to supply a topographic point for the attention and healing of the ill or injured. Organizational theoretician Mary Jo Hatch puts Forth that there are five ( 5 ) Degrees of Cultural Integration and Differentiation ( Cheney. 77 ) identified as follows: Unitary. Diverse ( Integrated ) . Diverse ( Differentiated ) . Diverse ( Fragmented ) and Disorganized ( Multi-cephalous ) ( Hatch. 1997. 210 ) . A infirmary in its purest signifier would be good represented as a Unitary civilization because the staff as a whole all have the same values or beliefs. But single staff or even medical units may fall into any of the other civilizations identified every bit good. A peculiar unit. i. e. cardiac telemetry floor. may be a Diverse ( Fragmented ) unit due to a group of nurses who do non see their critical undertaking demands in the same manner and as a consequence the degree of patient infections or deceases rises. doing unrest among the staff. supervisors. patient households and ensuing in legal branchings thereby break uping the staff’s solidarity. Social psychologist Edgar Schein formulated a theoretical theoretical account that shows an organization’s civilization is built on three degrees: artefacts. values and norms. and premises and beliefs. Artifacts are normally the most common and seeable mark of a specific civilization. Schein puts Forth that things such as nursing uniforms. nomenclature. surgical protocols and more. really and accurately stand for the basic facets of organization’s civilization. The values and norms facet of his theory. while non ever seeable. can be seen through behaviour of the person or group ; it reveals what is of import to the group and how they treat each other within their organisation. Each facet of the profession may hold an operating process or environment nique to that country of specialisation. but still have the same values and norms for their actions. In a surgical room. sterilisation of the environment is much more of import than it would be in a patient’s room on a medical/surgical floor. but they still have the same belief in maintaining an unfastened lesion every bit clean as possible. While values in the medical profession make non change as a whole. values do specify accepted behaviour and action. Genuine premises and beliefs are nurtured by a individuals or organisations values and norms. Valuess vary merely somewhat in the assorted medical professions and installations. Depending on the medical forte country. operational norms and methods may differ harmonizing to developing precedences. equipment and environment unique to that forte. For case. the hospital in-patient lesion attention squad may hold the same desire to handle a patient’s lesions as a place wellness nursing squad. but the methods of intervention or medicines used may be different. Differences begin to come up when a patient is sent place on a negative force per unit area lesion therapy system. i. e. a lesion V. A. C.  ® . that aids in the healing of lesions via suction ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www. kci1. com/KCI1/vactherapy ) . Many place wellness nurses does non cognize how to properly alter the intricate dressing or to the full understand this equipment or the detrimental consequences that can happen if non changed decently. Faulty premises are hence made based on the beliefs of the place wellness nurse of what should be done for the patient. When that happens. jobs arise in this peculiar scenario that could ensue in the patient being brought back to the infirmary for a farther period of hospitalization due to a dislocation of their lesions or even the creative activity of new lesions as a consequence of improper V. A. C.  ® arrangement. The paramount civilization of the medical field is based on the Physician’s Creed of First. make no harm ( writer uncertain but it is based on the Hippocratic Oath which states to abstain from making harm ) . This belief echoes throughout the medical field all over the universe. And while there are single exclusions or exclusions in countries such as carnal research for the improvement of world or the ethical issue of abortion. the credo has gone unchanged since the clip of the ancient Greeks and before. Schein’s three ( 3 ) degrees of artefacts. values and norms. and premises and beliefs. are apparent in every clinical scene. With farther geographic expedition. Hatch’s five ( 5 ) Degrees of Cultural Integration and Differentiation will besides be found. albeit non everyone will be seen on every infirmary floor or unit. Medical installations are a kaleidoscope or a microcosm of many subcultures under the roof of the chief civilization of being a topographic point for the attention and healing of the ill or injured. Without that organisational civilization giving counsel to all of the subcultures involved in this human-centered calling field. the decease rate for minor hurts and diseases would intensify exponentially.

LEGAL FORMALITIES Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

LEGAL FORMALITIES - Research Paper Example ent rules and policies, laws, licensing process, business structure, required documents, taxation, accounting system, intellectual property rights and labor laws. Given below is the brief account of all legal formalities which will be fulfilled by HealthPoint in UAE. Although most of the sections of Company law are similar for all companies operating in UAE however, Government of Abu Dhabi and other regions of UAE has established their own support forums to guide new investors. As we are planning to launch our company in Abu Dhabi therefore, information on all legal activities has been collected for Abu Dhabi. The companies which are involved in viable business activities in Abu Dhabi are required to follow trade licenses Law No. (5) Of 1998. This law deals with the issuance of licenses for the business planning to operate in Abu Dhabi. In addition, as the partners of HealthPoint will be foreign therefore, they also have to consider Law No. (7) Of 1998 (Abu Dhabi Government, 2010). According to this law, HealthPoint will have to get registered with Abu Dhabi Chamber of Commerce and Industry and after obtaining the membership the perquisite to obtain the license will be fulfilled. The Government of Abu Dhabi has defined the competent authorities which are involved in issuing licenses to various kinds of businesses in Abu Dhabi. For HealthPoint the license will be issued by Commercial Licenses Authority. HealthPoint will also follow all the rules and regulations defined for the companies operating in Food Industry such as Food safety laws etc. In addition, the other legal requirements for o pening a business have been discussed in the coming sections. HealthPoint will be a General Partnership Contract between the three partners. According to Federal Law No (8) and Article (23), a general partnership can be established by two or more partners and the partners are liable to all debts of the company (Abu Dhabi Chamber of Commerce and Industry, 2010). The complete

Thomas Paine Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Thomas Paine - Research Proposal Example In July 1761, he returned to his native town of Thetford to work as a supernumerary officer for a bit more than one year. After that Paine moved to Lincolnshire and became an exciseman. His service continued until August 1765, when he was fired for "claiming to have inspected goods he did not inspect" (Conway, 1892). In 1767 Paine became a schoolteacher in London, but that occupation was also rather short: the next year he again took the position of exciseman Lewes, East Sussex. His service lasted for the next six years during which Paine serviced as exciseman and simultaneously managed a small tobacco shop. In 1771 he married Elizabeth Ollive and for the first time involved in the political issues: he joined the Society of Twelve, a local group of thinkers that periodically met to politics of the local authorities. In the beginning of 1774, Paine was again fired from his service and his tobacco shop collapsed so that he had to sell his household possessions to rid himself of debts. The second marriage was also childless and not happy. In 1774 he legally divorced Elizabeth Ollive and moved to London where he got acquainted with Benjamin Franklin, and in October same year upon receiving the letter of recommendation from Franklin who administered emigration to colonial America at that time, Thomas Paine traveled to Philadelphia (Ayer, 1990). The travel was very difficult and Paine barely survived it: it took him 6 weeks to fully recover. After recovery, he settled in Philadelphia, changed his birth name to 'Paine', and began to work as a journalist for the Pennsylvania Magazine (Conway, 1892). Strong eloquent style of Paine's articles and pamphlets immediately earned him a reputation of radical uncompromising fighter for the natural rights of man and freedom. On January 10, 1776, one Paine's most famous pamphlets known Common Sense was published. Some historians believe that the pamphlet became arguably the most essential piece of writing that had strong social and political influence on those day's developments that eventually led up to independence (Larkin, 2005). In particularly, Paine stated that: "Society in every state is a blessing, but Government, even in its best state, is but a necessary evil; in its worst state an intolerable one: for when we suffer, or are exposed to the same miseries by a Government, which we might expect in a country without Government, our calamity is heightened by reflecting that we furnish the means by which we suffer. Government, like dress, is the badge of lost innocence; the palaces of kings are built upon the ruins of the bowers of paradise" (Paine, 1776). Such very sharp and radical stance was the distinct feature of Paine's writing. Thus, he dismissed the King as a fool (labeled King George III as "the Royal Brute of Great Britain" (Jensen, 1968, p. 668) claiming that heredity is not always and not necessarily related with natural ability, that Britain used the colonies solely for obtaining profits treating the colonists in unacceptable fashion. Paine also urged the colonies to unite as quickly as possible to effectively protect their rights and believed that the only possible way to do so was to become fully independent: "Until an independence is declared, the continent will feel itself like a man who continues

HSBC Risk Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

HSBC Risk Management - Essay Example The problem is that profit, the measure of reward, requires, as a minimum, a pencil, the back of an envelope, and some degree of skill in arithmetic calculations. HSBC is the world's largest banking group operating on the global scale. HSBC is considered the 4th largest financial institution of the world with $2,348.98 billion of assets. Also, HSBC is the largest bank with market value of $180.81 billion and the most profitable bank with $19.13 billion2. For this financial group, risk management is crucial to forecast and predict possible market changes and economic fluctuations. Similar to HSBC, MNCs face financial problems and need risk management techniques to avoid profit loss and sustain market growth. For both types of corporations, the first principle of sound financial systems is to lend money only to those who do not need the money. This may sound contradictory to the intent of banking, but it is not. Banking is a business where the banker takes the savings of a number of individuals and lends the money to others. Those whose savings are being redirected to others as loans do not know, or care, that this is happening3. All they care about is the timely payment of interest and the right to withdraw money at one hundred cents on every dollar. Bankers are lenders not of personal or bank funds, but the funds of depositors. Bankers are, in effect, borrowers. HSBC Bankers borrow money from depositors and pay them interest. They take the money and lend it out to others at a higher rate of interest. What bankers expect from borrowers is what depositors expect from bankers. Depositors, borrowers, and bankers function in a system where repayment is in terms of one hundred cents for every dollar deposited or borrowed. Depositors expect one hundred cents on every dollar that bankers have borrowed from them4. For bankers to honor their obligations to depositors, bankers must expect one hundred cents returned on every dollar that they have lent to borrowers. From the bankers' perspective, a deposit is a liability on the books because they "owe" this to depositors at the time when depositors desire to withdraw money. A loan t o a borrower is an asset from the perspective of a banker because its interest represents income and its repayment represents cash flow into the bank. To maintain a balance between assets and liabilities, a dollar's worth of assets and a dollar's worth of liabilities must be in terms of one hundred cents on the dollar5. "What If" analysis is part of risk management for HSBC and MNCs. "What If" analysis consists of looking not only at the most likely, from which one derives a measure of reward, but also certain unlikely cases where the events of business life do not follow the most likely script. The measure of reward diminishes with respect to the measure of reward for the most likely case. At some point, the measure of reward becomes the measure of risk. A measure of risk is a low degree of reward that is insufficient either to meet expenses or to provide a minimum return on investment. Risk, in a business environment, can be looked upon as an unsatisfactory level of reward where t he wisdom of proceeding with the project must be questioned6. In viewing loan applications or proposals, bankers focus on the prospects of repayment. This is because loans are made when it is perceived that the borrower does not need the money. In other words, loans are made wh

The Difficulties Which International Students Face

The Difficulties Which International Students Face Introduction: This article is about the difficulties which international students face, especially for Asian students, including thinking styles, learning attitudes and writing and presenting styles. In spite of its publication date, it is still helpful for us to understand the international students` situation abroad. In the text, the authors argue all the issues are rooted in traditional culture. In general, the authors` arguments are reasonable, but to some specific cases their views are no longer suitable. The reasons involve the development of education within the approximate twenty years and their limitations of visual views. In this paper, evaluations about every main idea are presented. About the situations which the authors` ideas are not suitable, some suggestions are indicated. As for the applicable arguments, more evidences are provided to back up. Background: In this day and age, quite a few of Asian students go abroad to study. However, there are some typical difficulties they must overcome because of their innate tendency. In Ballard and Clanchy`s research, the innate tendency totally stem from oriental tradition, which is a typical viewpoint in the past. Some subsequent research taken by David Kember and Lyn Gow indicates that the issues result from the curriculum and teaching environment [1]. With the development of the education system in Asian countries, the issues seem to be fade away during recent years. Asian international students become more and more familiar to western culture, and they can cope with the assignment from their lecturer more smoothly. This makes investigations in past time become unsuitable, so some updating surveys are necessary to cover new situations. Summary: The title of the article is â€Å"Cultural Variation: Difficulties for Student Studying Abroad†. It is from a book named â€Å"Study Abroad: A Manual for Asian Students† written by Ballard and Clanchy (1984). In this article, the authors argue three main difficulties that Asian international students face in their studying process. Further, the authors suggest Asian students adjusting their studying style for successful study abroad. The first main idea in the text is about variations of thinking styles. As the authors say, different thinking and learning purposes lead to different results, which stem from varying cultures. A particular example of a Japanese student who adjusted his purpose and adapted his essay structure to meet his lecturer`s requirement is utilized to support the main point. The variation in learning attitudes is argued as the second main idea. In the authors` opinion, different educational traditions create different learning attitudes. Then different learning approaches, including reproductive, analytical and speculative, are presented in particular education levels, although they are not separated totally. The authors quote three Asian students` words and describe an Indonesian postgraduate`s situation to back up their main idea. The other main idea concerns differences in writing and presenting styles. Five distinct writing patterns, including English, Romance, Russian, Semitic and Oriental patterns, are described in the text (Kaplan 66: 1-20). As indicated, a typical example of a Thailand student whose thesis was crossed out by his Australian supervisor suggests that different writing styles differ widely. As the authors` suggestions, a more analytical and critical learning approach is expected for Asian international students to succeed in their study. Critique (general): Generally speaking, the three main difficulties pointed out in this article are reasonable. Although this article was published in 1984, the problems still exist in current international students. The influence stemming from traditional culture is significant, which cannot be eliminated within about twenty years. The thinking and writing styles which are trained during their studying process imperceptibly, still influence international students. Something different, however, has happened in these twenty years. Internationalization has been an unstoppable tendency, for which relationships between countries has become more and more closed. In the trend, education internationalization is a representative one. Compared with the situation in 1984, much more students go abroad to study, especially for students from developing countries. With the number of international students increasing, abroad studying is no longer mysterious or unattainable. Most students who are ready to go abroad can get much useful information from internet and relevant agents. As the result of this, students are relative familiar to the education environment abroad. Additionally, they usually can get experiential knowledge from forthgoers. Thus, they are able to adjust themselves to the expectations of foreigner universities more easily, In addition, a series of language tests and record examinations are developed to ensure that students who are admitted b y foreign universities can survive in another country. Critique (specific): As the statement above, the main ideas argued in this article is still reasonable at present, however, the situation has changed. So to a certain extent, the descriptions in the text are no longer suitable. As the authors` assertion, the variations in thinking styles stemming from traditional cultures, made the Japanese student fail in his first year. Considering the source of variations, it must be true, but this example should be an extreme one. Normally, the thinking style of oriental students is implicative. They always make effort to avoid evaluating topics directly. When they are considering a topic, they usually think over the influence of background firstly. With the introductions of western educational culture, however, most students are likely to compare the views and evaluate the topic, although they may describe the background at first. In Chinese secondary school, many assignments are to conclude the main ideas of prepared texts and evaluate these main ideas from your own viewpoint. Through training like this students obtain the capability to assess the relative merits. So the description as the text presented, only may happen in extreme case. With the increasing of the fam iliarity to western thinking pattern, the similar extreme case should be less likely to happen. About the different learning strategies mentioned in this article, the authors claim that it is needed to develop a more analytical and critical learning style for many Asian students. It should be a believable recommendation at that moment. However, in today`s school, not only universities or colleges, but also secondary schools, it is paid attention to analysis ability. Basically, the teachers and lecturers encourage students to ask questions and think more deeply. In this way, students are required not only to remember the knowledge points, but also to understand how the process is going. In addition, many universities in China establish funds to support undergraduates to take experiments. Then, students who want to do some research in particular fields are encouraged to apply them. In this way, students` speculative capabilities are cultivated. Furthermore, according to relevant research, there is no significant difference between Australian and Asian students [2]. As reported, A sian students are not rote learners. In other words, the reproductive learning strategy is not directed towards Asian students. Then, for Australian students, the best way to learn is also to remember and understand by heart. For these reasons, the authors` assertions about these three learning approaches are not in accordance with facts and suitable to the development of education. Concerning writing styles, the authors cite Robert Kaplan`s theory to explain the varying writing styles successfully. For oriental writers, explaining the issue directly is a blunt way which lacks of ideations. In their views, a better way to express their ideas is to describe the background and the influence factors as implications. The end results should be obtained by readers themselves. As the authors suggest, this indirect writing approach is not suitable to academic thesis in Australian universities. In western scholars` views, the â€Å"relevant descriptions† are not relevant at all. It is a real difference between western and eastern writing skills, while it is unnecessary to discuss which one is more advanced. Expect from the variations between different cultures, the differences between each academic discipline are also mentioned in the text. In this day and age, more and more interdisciplines are developed, for which flexible writing styles are required. Additional ly, as a relatively objective writing style, science and engineering articles should be paid more attention to attract readers. Conclusions: In this paper, in connection with every main point mentioned in the original article, evaluations are provided. Generally speaking, the authors` main ideas are still applicable at present stage, although in this article there are some details should be changed to suit modern education. When the authors are comparing with Asian students` works and Australian lectures` expectations, extreme examples are cited. This is the biggest weakness, because it ignores the general status. Implications of this article are that student who study abroad should learn how to adjust himself to the requirement. References: David Kember, Lyn Gow: A Challenge to Anecdotal Stereotype of the Asian Student, 1991. F. Sushila Niles: Cultural Differences in Learning Motivation and Learning Strategies: A Comparison of Overseas and Australian Students at an Australian University, 1995.

Doing Business Abroad Essay

Companies around the world are expanding in order to meet a larger market. However, this is no easy task even for people who have been doing business for decades for there is always this thing called cultural diversity. This thing is put into consideration not only of companies and managers that establish businesses in other countries but also of those who engage into joint ventures and alliances. Setting a company globally requires not only good managers but thorough study as well. A market research would be very helpful especially to determine the needs and wants of the people in the locality. A bunch of factors affect the preference of people like religion, beliefs and environment. Should the product be modified to fit the desires of the people? For instance, burgers with beef patty are modified in order to be accepted and sold in Hindu-dominated countries. There are also cross-cultural trainings for managers that would be sent abroad. These are usually conducted by business schools with the aim of providing global managers who have the ability to cope with different challenges that they may encounter, especially those that are brought about by diversity in culture. However, as much as these trainings would help, they are not yet enough to suffice for the thorough understanding and settlement of cultural differences that might yield success to a business that spread its wings. Problems still remain due to this cultural diversity. Even with the repute of English in conducting business globally, language remains a problem. Language, as defined in the Merriam Webster Dictionary, is words with their pronunciation and the methods of combining them to be used and understood by a community. Words are not enough. Pronunciation and accent are essential, and at this part is where problem usually occurs. As Edward Burman cited in his article entitled Managing Cultural Diversity in a Global World, linguistic confidence can be perceived as quasi-colonial arrogance and this may eventually lead to conflicts. Similarly, jokes and stories which are essential in building harmonious relationship among workers are affected, not just because of the way they were delivered but more importantly by the context that they were formulated. Some humorous acts might be insulting to others, which again might lead to discord. Another problem that may arise due to cultural diversity is the way the human resource personnel determines the appropriate candidate for a job. Whether be it an expatriate or a native of the location of the headquarter, the measure to the achievements of an applicant varies from the school where he acquired his degree and skill to the society where he belong. These qualities may not be well-reflected in his application forms or the result of his examination or interview. Although it may be known to the resource manager that different cultures respond differently to various situations, the challenge is still to determine the best person whose culture and skill perfectly fits the job. Also, developing the trust with people from other culture opens another difficulty especially if a company will merge or ally with a local company of other country. Research can be done to be able to identify possible reasons to trust but it remains a thorny job for the managers in the negotiation table. Everything will matter, from the physical appearance to the gestures. Aside from these problems cited by Edward Burman, the way to designate a manager to a place is something to be thoroughly thought of. According to an interview with Robert J. Freeman, Americans are a bit resistant to exotic destinations. The question then is how these Americans would be assigned to a location beyond his desire. Or since there are expatriates of more than sixty nationalities, which should be chosen and what type of compromise would the company give to convince the manager. Nevertheless, these problems can be addressed if global managers have several skills as discussed by Josephine Song in her article Transcending Borders. The first is technical skills. Aside from the field that he is expected to master in order to efficiently perform his task, he must also be able to utilize the means that globalization brings for the betterment of doing things. He must be able to maximize opportunities and resources that might be useful for the accomplishment of his job. Likewise, he must also have good communication skills which comprise not only of knowledge of words but their proper pronunciation and usage as well, most especially English which is the basic medium for conducting business globally. Communication is not only via speaking, but also via reading, writing or listening. More importantly, global managers must take caution in their words and actions so that misunderstandings would be avoided. They must also be innovative and resourceful to improve their businesses according to the locality. With increase in expatriates all over the globe, I think it would be unfair to say that they or the locals could better cope with the changes. They might have an advantage with regards to having dealt with different cultures already that they might not find it anymore difficult to relate with another set of people. Their presence in the top management could also bring global perspective. But, their knowledge of the culture of the country where the company is located might be very limited as compared to the locals. Yes, they may be able to learn and adapt but still, the culture instilled in them would always be a part of them and their decisions and reservations. I think, it would be better to have a mix of expatriate and local managers in a global business for as Burman concluded, management remains culture-bound, be it local or expatriate.

Nursing Philosophy Essay

Abstract Philosophy is a system of beliefs, it is often looked at as an effort to define nursing situations that is observed to exist or happen and serves as the basis for later theoretical formulations. Florence Nightingale the first nurse theorist, philosophy states that nursing is establishing and environment that allows persons to recover from illness. Nursing has four metaparadigms the client, the environment, health and nursing. Metaparadigms are theoretical works in nursing focused on articulating relationships among the four major concepts: nursing, environment, client, and health. My Nursing Philosophy My philosophy on nursing is not something that I think about everyday. Recently, being introduced to the many theorist and metaparadigms, it is something that I cannot help but think about. According to Chou and Lee (2007) â€Å"philosophy reflects belief and present ideas. It is the embodiment of faith which represents someone, him/herself, his or her values and essence. It is often reflected in ways of thinking and behaving† (p.127). Philosophies are statements of enduring values and beliefs held by a discipline. Metaparadigm comes from greek words: meta which means with, paradigm which means pattern. Metaparadigms have a few distinct characteristics; they are very general, most abstract level of knowledge and are global concepts of a profession. It is very pertinent that one understands the philosophies and metaparadigms, in able to understand the basic concepts and beliefs of nursing theorist. I grew up knowing that my career would be in the health field. I decided to become a nurse about two years ago, I’ve been through a lot to get to this point. Before recently I wanted to become a doctor for all the wrong reasons. For example one idea that really pushed my dream to become a doctor was the pay. I figured making that much money I would not have a worry in the world I thought that money could fix anything. I now know with time, money is not what makes you happy, it is doing what you love that makes you happy. Nursing is my home away from home. I have never felt so comfortable doing something. Yes, I am still learning, but it is the best learning experience I have experienced by far. There are many reasons why I will become a nurse, I will become a nurse because everyday as a nurse is anything but routine, you never know what the day could bring. My job is to brighten the next persons day, while maintaining their overall state of well-being and promoting healthy lifestyles just to name a few. Here’s some insight on my nursing philosophy. I believe that the individual never stands alone, but is embodied with multiple strengths. An individual should always be open to new idea, or anything that could improve their present condition. An individual is also entitled to knowledge, representation, beliefs, and freedom. Pamela Weintraub (2012) states that â€Å"individuality specifically means, among other things, soothing your own bad feelings without the help of another, pursuing your own goals, and standing on your own two feet† (p.82). Theorist Hildegard Peplau believed that an individual or person is a developing organism that lives in an unstable environment. The environment consist of everything that the surrounds the individual, I believe that the environment has conditions that can only be adapted to, there are many different conditions and communities changes the evolve everyday, in the environment. Florence Nightingale believed that â€Å"Through ensuing generations, environmental conditions have improved and science has provided effective treatment pathways† (Crane & Selanders,2012, p.23). This is very much still evident today. Without an environment the individual cannot exist because the environment, enhances our lives for better or for worse through existence. The environment contains something that all living things require to be categorized as living and that is the exchange of what I like to call the primary gases carbon dioxide and oxygen. I believe that health has stagnation, depth and understanding â€Å"traditionally health was defined in terms of the presence or the absences of disease. Florence Nightingale defined health as a state of being well and using every power the individual possesses to the fullest extent†(Berman & Synder,2012, p.299). The nursing metaparadigm for health states â€Å"health is the degree of wellness or illness that client is experiencing, continuum of wellness to terminal illness† (Berman & Synder,2012, p.299). Personally when I think of health I think of illness and wellness. In the society of the twenty-first century there’s either healthy or unhealthy. Wellness is what many refer to as a healthy being, on the other hand many consider illness as unhealthy. I do believe with the help of the environment that the body can be nurtured back to health. Illness relates to health in that, illness is the sometimes present flip side of what many consider to be healthy. Many believe that age is companied by illness but, illness is never a normal state of existence. Illness is sometimes an unfortunate component of health. According to Berman & Synder (2012) nursing metaparadigm states that â€Å"nursing is the attributes, characteristics, and actions of the nurse providing care on behalf of, or in conjunction with the client† (p.41). Nursing exist to care for, to teach, to love and to understand that everyone must be looked at in a holistic view. I believe that everyone has a higher power that they look too for strength. For me that higher power is Jesus Christ and I will look for my strength to come from him while here living up to the standards of being a well-rounded nurse and throughout all the days of my life. However Vicki D. Lachman (2012) states that â€Å"when a person chooses to become a nurse he or she has made a moral commitment to care for all patients. Such a decision to care is not taken lightly, as it reflects this statement in the Code of Ethics for Nursing: the nurse respects the worth, dignity and rights of all human beings irrespective of the nature of the health problem† (p.113). Nursing is not for everyone, there are special qualities that nurses possess that allow only a handful to become great nurses. I agree with Lachman all these things should be seen in the average nurse. I also believe that the nursing practice is individualized, just as patient care should be individualized. Each nurse should have at least one characteristic that sets them apart from any other health professionals. Therefore, I feel that it is pertinent to express that nursing is a very important factor in the health profession. Berman & Synder (2012) believe the work of American nurse theorists reflects a wide range of ideas about people, the world, health and nursing† (p.41). Many nursing theorists have created concepts or metaparadigms for what i believe is to help guide future nurses in the right direction. My Nursing Philosophy is similar to that of well-known theorist I mentioned earlier, on the basis of using individual, environment, health, and nursing as a guideline to achieve the ultimate goals of nursing. As nurses it is most important that we know that each individual is unique to his or her own needs and desires. References Berman, A., & Snyder, S. (2011). Kozier & Erb’s fundamentals of nursing, concepts, process, and practice. (9 ed., p.41-299). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall Chou, M., & Lee, L. (2007). Initial Formation of Nursing Philosophies Following Fundamental Clinical Practice: The Experience of Male Nursing Students. Journal Of Nursing Research (Taiwan Nurses Association), 15(2), 127-136. Lachman, V. D. (2012). Applying the Ethics of Care to Your Nursing Practice. MEDSURG Nursing, 21(2), 112-116 Selanders, L. C., & Crane, P. C. (2012). The Voice of Florence Nightingale on Advocacy. Online Journal Of Issues In Nursing, 17(1), 1. doi:10.3912/OJIN.Vol17No01Man01 Weintraub, P. (2012). HOW TO GROW UP. Psychology Today, 45(3), 78-85.

The biological causes of borderline personality disorder Essays

The biological causes of borderline personality disorder Essays The biological causes of borderline personality disorder Paper The biological causes of borderline personality disorder Paper Browsing from books, journals and online sources, one will have to realize that there is actually a general consensus among experts that there no single cause of borderline personality. Although there are enumerated risk factors in their researches and discussions, there has been none of them that explicitly say that environmental, genetic, psychological or biological factors have caused such disorder. What is clear so far is that â€Å"no single factor explains its development† (Paris, Joel). This writer however finds it important to closely look into the biological risk factors or causes of Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD). It is to be stressed that although the discussion of this paper is focused on the biological side of the topic, it still holds that such causes work in connection with the other risk factors and causes as mentioned above rather than considering biological causes are single factor to be considered. The Mayo Clinic described BPD as a 1â€Å"mental condition that is often devastating for both the patient and the people around him.†Ã‚   This is because of the fact that it is generally characterized by the patient’s difficulty of regulating his emotions or moods and is often impulsive. They also have the tendencies of being depressed as they often see themselves as worthless and damaged. These could have been the very reason why persons with BPD are often misunderstood by the public. As been stressed in one article, persons with BPD are torn between two self-images: â€Å"either as all good or all bad† (Insight Journal Online Magazine, 2007). In America there are about 1-2 percent of its adult population who are suffering from the disorder. Mayo Clinic also reported that the occurrence of the disease in about 1 in every 33 women and one in every 100 men (The Mayo Clinic Online). Around 50% of researches on Borderline Personality Disorder that point to genetic abnormalities are one of its causes (Friedel, Robert O.). Friedel also cited some researches that accounts to the disease as occurring with related disorders such as bipolar disorder, depression and substance use disorders. For Paris, biological causes of BPD â€Å"consist of inborn temperamental abnormalities† (Paris, Joel 2005). Because temperamental abnormalities have something to do with emotions, the disorder has been linked with the human brain. Researchers suggest that there are certain areas in the brain, those areas that regulate emotion, impulsivity and aggression, have undergone or undergoing some changes. Such changes, according to 1Mayo Clinic are â€Å"associated with the decrease serotonin activity in the brain.†

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buy custom Leadership Skills essay The term leadership can be defined as process of social influence where a person enlists the aid and support of others to accomplish a common task or objective. Leadership can also be defined as the art of motivating a group of people to act towards achieving a common objective. Good leadership requires several attributes that are essential for one to become an effective leader such as integrity, honesty, ability to communicate effectively, and courage among others (Owen, 2007). Leadership as an element of social interaction is a complex activity involving the process of influencing both actors that is the leaders and the followers that has a wide range of possible outcomes for example achievements of goals, motivating the commitment of individuals to such goals, while enhancing group cohesion and reinforcing change within the organization to form lasting organizational cultures. Effective leadership is based on ideas which cannot happen unless those ideas are communicated to the followers in way that engages them. Good leaders are made through a series of process that involve application of skills and knowledge of a leader, through extensive research, study and practices .Leadership involves communicating, inspiring and supervising of the followers by the leader. According to Blake Mouton (1999) leadership requires one to have a set of principles for example being technically proficient, understanding oneself and seeking self improvement, ability to make sound and timely decisions, leading by example, understanding your job and having solid familiarity with your employees tasks among others. The success of a leader can be enabled by application of their knowledge and skills however their personal traits and attributes contribute greatly to their success for example positive beliefs, values, ethics and character are important determinants of ones success. For one to be termed as an effective leader some qualities are important to achieve success in these undertakings. The ability to communicat effectively is paramount in the success of a leader. Effective communication helps promote better human relations and interpersonal skills (Owen, 2007). As a leader one should be able to communicate the goals and objectives of the organization to the followers and thus making it possible to work toward a common goal and also win their trust and confidence. A leader should be able to motivate the followers. This can be achieved by exemplary leading, being a good listener to the views of the subjects in the context of an organization, and should be able to note and complement good work by others so as to motivate them to work harder .For example giving promotions to employees who produce impressive results. Churchill of Britain is hailed for his motivation as a leader and statesman due to his ability to inspire and motivate his people in the opening days of the war (Caroselli, 2000). Integrity is an important trait of an effective leader. Integrity gives one a higher moral standing as one is honest and has a sense of strong internal guidelines. A leader who encourages transparency, leads by example is bound to be successful in their role for they are able to win the respect and cooperation of the followers thus able to achieve their objectives. Being a professional in ones undertakings as a leader would also make one an effective leader. This entails being loyal to your followers, performing selfless services, having good character traits, commitment, integrity and courage among others are important traits in ensuring effective leadership. This helps create confidence in the followers and thus are able to follow the lead of the leader (Victor Philip, 2004). The above attributes of effective leadership help leader to attain the trust and confidence of their subjects. They promote employer and employee satisfaction within organizations. It also helps employees understand the overall business strategy, helping them to contribute effectiively to achieve the corporations objectives and thus acquiring overall success. The ability of a leader to communicate effectively, motivate his/her followers, practice integrity, and act professionally in conducting their roles not only gives then a competitive edge in their work but also earns the respect of the followers and thus are able to motivate them to work towards a common goal. Having learnt that leaders are made, one realizes that it is possible to acquire and develop effective leadership skills through learning effective communication skills and practicing to be an effective communicator so as to be able to be an effective leader. Virtues like integrity selflessness, honesty should be natured so as to train one to be an effective leader .The ability of one to lead by example is of paramount importance as one is able to achieve the respect and cooperation of the followers (Victor Philip, 2004). Understanding the whole concept of leadership is also vital in acquiring and developing effective leadership skills. The understanding that leadership is service to humanity which only succeeds through winning the cooperation of the followers and thus should be engaging and governed by mutual respect is vital to becoming an effective leader (Adair, 1998). Important effective leadership principles should be acquired and developed such as having the dream of leaving the world a better place than one found it, desire to achieve excellence, upholding ethics ,being persistent, understanding ones strengths and improving on them, would ensure success in developing leadership skills. In conclusion, leadership is a broad concept that requires any aspiring leader to work on their personal attributes and also improve on their knowledge and skills in order to be successful. (Zaccaro Banks, 2001). However we realize that leadership cannot be effective if it fails to win the respect of the followers thus leader should strive to win this trust of their subjects. Buy custom Leadership Skills essay

EVOLUTION OF THE PROBLEM Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

EVOLUTION OF THE PROBLEM - Case Study Example However, studies show that the percentage of Americans covered under such Insurance has declined significantly in three years, and it hit a new low with only 44.5 per cent of people covered by under this scheme (USNews, 2011). Thus, due to a steady decline in employment (Bloomberg, 2011), along with various other factors the number of people covered under health insurance has declined simultaneously, rendering access to healthcare limited to a certain section of population. Furthermore, health care costs have risen considerably over the years. Such rise in healthcare costs can be attributed to several factors such as technological developments, rise in cost of prescription drugs, rise in chronic illnesses, ageing of the population, rise in administrative costs, rise in charges by healthcare providers, inflation etc. The healthcare costs in the U.S. have currently exceeded 17% of the total GDP and continue to rise (HBR, 2011). One of the major causes of such a rise is the rise in tech nological developments, which has significantly increased the odds of treating long-term chronic illnesses. Furthermore, the cost of setting up new and advanced technological tools for treatment is relatively higher than the conventional methods of ailing (FDA, 2003). Also, there has been a drastic rise in the costs of prescription drugs, thus pushing the healthcare costs further. According to reports chronic illnesses such as obesity and diabetes is causing a serious upward shift in the cost of branded and prescription drugs in the U.S. Furthermore, other factors such as the rise in ageing population, increase in drug use and increase in reliance on new branded and specialty drugs are also responsible for driving the costs of healthcare services, thus making it inaccessible to a large percentage of population (AMA, 2011). Another significant problem faced with regard to access to healthcare is the differential access to healthcare services, especially as it pertains to a certain se ction of the population. This includes, the minority communities such as people belonging to culturally and ethnically diverse backgrounds, as well as expats. The key causes of such racial disparity in healthcare delivery include: difference in economic backgrounds, difference in health status, and access to healthcare insurance etc. According to Wang (2006) there are significant differences in health status of minority communities and the white population. Studies have shown that Blacks have a shorter life expectancy and higher infant mortality rates as compared to Whites. Furthermore factors such as racial stereotyping, prejudice, and clinical uncertainty on the part of care givers also account to health disparities among the minority communities. Strategies to overcome the problems: In order to curtail the rising number of uninsured and underinsured individuals, healthcare organizations can develop adaptive strategies; seek increased federal funding; or development of a nation-wi de health insurance program, which may lend credible support to the

Maritime Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Maritime Economics - Essay Example Maritime economics refers to the business of shipping which is considered to be quite intriguing. The shipping industry which marked its commencement with the transportation of cargoes has been witnessing increased significance owing to the related advantages and prospects in the field of international development (Cullinane, 2011). Shipping is considered to be a service based industry that is believed to grant the sustenance with regard to the global trade. The subject of maritime economics is believed to have developed and grown based on the study that is supposed to relate to the past record of shipping, for instance contractual understanding relating to shipping as well as trade (Talley, 2012). Performance evaluation indicators are considered to be essential in order to gauge the operating competence with regard to the shipping industry. It is regarded as essential to draw attention to the condition related to operation performance with the intention of further enhancing the performance. There has been stated to remain available numerous kinds of indicators for the reason of using them for assessing the results attained by the shipping companies or the seaports. The prevailing indicators are believed to be of great use owing to their easy computability with the help of the accessible information. The application of the indicators would enable the evaluation of the performance of a particular shipping company and ascertain the degree of contentment of the obtained results. The performance indicators is learnt to gauge the performance of the shipping companies in sectors like tanker, offshore, container, dry bulk and other miscellaneous sectors (Trujillo & et. al., 1999). It needs to be mentioned in this regard that the indicators related to performance measurement is not regarded as structured, comprehensive or constant. The indicators that are used to gauge the performance of the shipping companies is done with the

The effect of rising energy prices for the economic wellbeing of Essay

The effect of rising energy prices for the economic wellbeing of households - Essay Example A significant economy reform program was announced by Australian government for securing the future with relatively clean energy. It is a transition plan that will transform the economy of the country gradually; it will be implemented by taking initiatives in four key areas namely carbon pricing, non-conventional sources of energy in place of conventional energy, enhancing the efficiency of energy consumption and management as well as land reforms. But the foremost component of this transition plan is the carbon price mechanism and several complementary measures along with the assistance plan for the household and large emitters of the pollutants in the current economic structure. As the time passed by, the business as well as household focused on the relevant details of this plan and researchers forecasted the consequences and impacts of this plan extensively. The current essay models the impacts of the proposed mechanism of carbon prices on the household economy by discussing the consumer behaviour theories and keeping in view the fact that proposed plan promises to return most part of the revenue generated through carbon price mechanism to the household. A package of measures also came along this plan; these measures outline the policy of the Government to curtail the instantaneous effects of carbon pricing mechanism on the household economy.... $ 23, $ 24.15 and $ 25.40 for first, second and third years respectively. The second phase will commence on 1st July 2015 and carbon price remains flexible during this phase. The determination of the prices will be based on the Emission Trading Scheme (ETS) along with the transitional cap as well as floor implementation. It is also determined in the proposed plan that carbon permits will be sold to the pollution emitters and the revenue generated through these sales will be invested for encouraging the production and consumption of clean energy. It will also ease the cost burden coming up with the transitional phase. Various direct and indirect methods will be devised to assist different sectors of the economy including the household1. In light of this brief introduction of the carbon price mechanism, the following section of this essay discusses the continuously rising prices of the energy during the first phase and their impacts on the economic well being of household with special emphasis on various theories of consumer behaviour. The effect of rising energy prices for the economic wellbeing of households It is evident that the increasing carbon prices will definitely flow through the consumer as household is one of the largest users of the conventional energy. The increase in prices of the fuel will disturb the household budgets; the prices change in the prices of the essential goods like food, clothing, and land for shelter will take place due to the continuous rise in the carbon prices during the first phase of the implementation of this plan (Kardes et al., 2010). On the other hand, the supply demand theory suggests that the demand for carbon fuels will be discouraged due to the increasing prices of the carbon fuels. The following

Summarise the main development of a child from the age range 0-2, 3-5 years and 5-8 years Essay Example for Free

Summarise the main development of a child from the age range 0-2, 3-5 years and 5-8 years Essay Development is the process of gaining new skills in all areas of life. All children are individuals so, although they will all go through the same stages of development, they may not necessarily go through these at the same time. For this reason, the term ‘average child’ is used when talking about the process of development, but we should consider each child’s development progress individually. The development of a child is usually categorised into five main areas: Physical, Intellectual, Emotional, Social and Language. Physical Development. A newborn baby will lie on his back with his head to one side and his head will lag when he is pulled up to sit. He will have primitive reflexes, such as grasping and sucking. By 3 months he will be able to kick his legs, play with his own hands and lift his own head. At 6 months, he will be able to sit with support and pass a toy from one hand to the other. He will have made a large transition by 9 months and may sit without support, crawl or shuffle and will begin to use his index, middle finger and thumb together to pick up small items. He will have begun to walk unaided by 18 months, can use a spoon and will attempt to kick a ball. By 2 years, he will be able to use a pencil to make simple forms, build a tower of six bricks and start to use his preferred hand. Between 3 and 5 years, he will have the capacity to jump from a low step, pedal a tricycle and turn single pages in a book. His gross motor skills improvement will mean that he will be able to walk backwards and forwards along a line and aim, throw and catch a large ball. By 8 years old he will be able to jump from heights and he will have improved his balancing skills enough to walk along a wall or beam and ride a bicycle without stabilisers. The improvement in his fine motor skills will allow him to control a pencil in a small area and do detailed drawing. He will also have the control to tie and untie his shoelaces and build intricate models. Intellectual (or cognitive) development. Intellectual development is about how children learn, think and develop ideas. Children develop intellectually at different rates and some in areas that others do not. At birth a baby will blink in reaction to bright light and cry as a response to his basic needs. By 6 months he is easily distracted by movements and objects and will make attempts to reach out for  them. He will also put everything in his mouth. By 12 months he will recognise familiar people at 6 metres and be able to imitate those around him and the moods they express, for example laughing when someone he is with is laughing. By 2 years old he will enjoy imaginary play and will often talk to himself. He will be able to point to and recognise the names of parts of the body. Between the ages of 3 and 5 years, his fine motor skills will have increased enough to be able to control a pencil adequately and cut with scissors. He will be able to draw a square and a range of letters, some spontaneously and paint with a large paint brush. At 5 years of age, the concepts of numeracy and literacy will be within his capabilities and many children will be able to count and recognise simple words. Between the ages of 6 and 8 his ability to write will be developing, he will read simple books, predict next events and he will know his birthday. Emotional Development From birth a baby will be able to respond to their main carer. He will gaze intently at his carer and by 6 weeks will start to smile as a response to recognition of that person. At 6 months he will show the first signs of distress at the separation from his carer and fear of strangers.He will also actively seek attention.Between 9 and 12 months, he will enjoy the company of those people that he is familiar with. From 1 year old he will be more demanding and assertive and temper tantrums may start. He distinguishes between himself and others, but he is still egocentric and shows rage at being told ‘no’. He is also starting to develop object permanence, he no longer believes that an object that has been hidden is actually no longer there. At 2 years of age he will enjoy other children’s company but will still be reluctant to share his toys. He will, however, be able to cope with short periods of separation from his carer, for example while at nursery. At 3 years he is more aware of his own feelings and able to explain to others how he is feeling Between 5 and 8 years he will enjoy co-operative play and understand reasoning and taking turns. He will be increasingly less anxious about separation and have a good sense of self awareness. Social Development A baby is born with the ability to be sociable. If a baby becomes distressed, he can often be pacified by the sight, touch or smell of his main carer.Between the ages of 3 and 12 months he will be able to interact with his environment, imitating the moods displayed by others. He will discover how to play alone and entertain himself for lengthy periods. With his increasing mobility, he will become more confident and between 2 and 5 years old he will learn to make friends, even though at times he may resort to tantrums when he does not get his own way. By 8 years old he will be fairly independent and confident with an increasing sense of right and wrong and he will be able to form firm friendships with his peers. Language Development There are two distinct stages of language development; pre-linguistic and linguistic. The pre-linguistic stage is from birth to 12 months, when he starts to say his first words.This is the period in which a baby can only express himself by crying, when basic needs require attention, cooing, in response to his carer’s talk and gurgling or chuckling when playing. From about 9 months, he will begin to ‘babble’ sounds such as ‘mama’ or ‘dada’ and he will be able to imitate simple animal noises. The linguistic stage from 1 year old will bring the beginnings of recognisable words and the ‘average’ child will have a vocabulary of around 50 words by the time he is 2. Between 2 and 3 years he has a rapidly expanding vocabulary and can become frustrated if he is unable to express himself in words. By 5 years old he will be a confident speaker and will recognise new words and ask the meaning of them. His vocabulary will be in the region of some 5000 words. By 8 years old he will be able to speak in different tenses and explain himself with confidence.